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Ans: Explanation b could be considered as a correct scientific explanation of the observed fact. What Were These Advances? More than two centuries ago, England and Western Europe made inventions like steam engines, electricity, theory of gravitation and explosives. Steam engines helped them in the field of heat and thermodynamics, theory of gravitation in the field of motion and making guns and cannons. These progresses lead to industrial revolution in England and Western Europe.

Ans: Some of the key contemporary areas of science and technology which may transform the society radically are the following:. Ans: Imagine you are in a spaceship along with your friends which is moving towards Mars. The body of the spaceship is made of a specially designed matter which becomes harder as its temperature increases. The spaceship is using nuclear fuel and has three nuclear power plants in it.

Two of them work alternatively and the third is kept for emergencies. The energy produced at these power plants is converted into electric energy which in turn runs the motors of the spaceship. Your team reaches safely on Mars, collects data, takes photographs and then returns back to the Earth. Unfortunately, on the return journey, the spaceship collides with an object in space and two of the power plants stop working as a result.

You and your friends try to reduce the temperature of the power plant by flowing air in the plant and also try to repair the fuse of the other power plants. Finally, your team manages to repair the fuse of one of the powerplants. At last, you and your friends return safely back to Earth. Ans: In our view a type of discovery which is of great academic interest but harmful for human society should not be made public because any advancement in the field of science is meant to improve the society, not to destroy it.

This has already been successfully done in India. Ans: Good. This was one of the major discoveries in the field of medical science and could save many lives. Without doubt television is a big boon as we could know what happens all across the world while relaxing on your couch.

Ans: Bad. Though it is great that we could know the sex of the baby before it comes out of the womb, female foeticide has shown an increase after this discovery. Computers have in fact made the world a better place and life on it easier.

Artificial satellites with all its applications have made communication, etc great. No good has come out of this discovery but loss of lives. Ans: War is bad and so is this development. Drinking pure water is must to avoid deadly diseases. This could fix innate disfigurement and those caused due to accidents. However, those who could afford this surgery also use it to change features that would make them meet the beauty standards.

This could help farmers, etc, to increase the production of that crop or animal showing preferred traits. Ans: Poverty and illiteracy are the two major factors which make people superstitious and hence affect the quality of education in India. In order to remove the superstitious and obscurantist attitude we have to first fix these factors. Everybody should be educated, so that everyone can have a scientific perspective. Scientific knowledge can prove people's superstitions wrong by showing them the scientific logic behind everything happening around the world.

Ans: Some people in our society believe that women do not have the innate nature, capacity and intelligence. To demolish this belief, we could cite the examples of women who have proven their abilities in science and other fields. Hence, we could say that, in this era, women are definitely not behind men in any field. Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. The United States in the World. Battlegrounds: Cornell Studies in Military History. Medieval Societies, Religions, and Cultures.

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